Ethenic zone

  Wind Turbine Composites   Wind energy harnesses the power of wind and converts it into electric power. Wind turbines use wind turbine blades and other composite components to capture the kinetic energy of the wind and convert it into clean electricity. Advanced composite materials play a vital role in wind turbine design and manufacturing. Let's take a closer look at some of the key composite materials used in modern wind turbines. Composite Materials for Wind Turbine Composites Wind Turbine Composites blades are one of the most critical components that determine the efficiency and performance of a wind turbine. Composite materials allow for the manufacturing of much larger blades than what was possible with traditional fibreglass. Today's multi-megawatt turbines typically use blades that are 50-70 meters long, and blades over 100 meters are now in development. Advanced composite materials like carbon fibre, glass fibre, and thermoplastic resins allow for the manufact...

  Theranostics What is Theranostics? Theragnostics refers to an emerging field in medicine that combines therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities into single agents or platforms. The goal of theragnostics is to provide personalized patient care by selecting appropriate targeted therapies and monitoring their effectiveness. This novel approach has the potential to significantly improve treatment outcomes for many illnesses by matching therapies to individual molecular profiles. Theranostic Agents and Theranostics Theranostics relies on the development of agents and technologies that can both detect specific molecular abnormalities and targets within the body as well as deliver targeted therapies to those same areas. Some examples of theranostic platforms currently under investigation include: - Theranostic Nanoparticles: Nanoparticles are being engineered to incorporate both diagnostic imaging agents like fluorophores as well as targeted drug payloads. These "smart particles...

  Tea   Origin and Spread of Brew Brew is one of the most popular beverages in the world. It is native to China, where it has been enjoyed for thousands of years. The earliest credible evidence of brew drinking in China dates back to the 3rd century AD during the Western Jin dynasty. By the Tang dynasty in the 7th-8th centuries, brew had become a popular beverage across Chinese society. Chinese monks and merchants introduced brew to Japan in the 9th century and to India in the 12th century. The Portuguese empire introduced brew to Europe in the 16th century and the British brought brew cultivation and consumption to India in the 17th century. Today, brew is consumed globally and grown commercially in over 30 countries around the world. Types of Brew There are Tea main types of brew - green brew, black brew, and oolong brew, which all come from the same plant, Camellia sinensis. The key difference between the types is how the leaves are processed after harvesting. Green br...

  Protein A Resin History and Development Protein A is a 42-kDa cell wall protein found in strains of Staphylococcus aureus. In the late 1960s, scientists discovered that Protein A had a strong affinity for the Fc region of immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules from a variety of mammalian species. This discovery paved the way for the development of Protein A affinity chromatography which has since become one of the most widely used techniques for IgG purification. In the 1970s, GE Healthcare developed the first commercial Protein A Resin by immobilizing recombinant Protein A onto chromatographic matrices. This important innovation allowed Protein A resins to be produced at large scales. Over the past few decades, Protein A chromatography has become the gold standard method for capturing monoclonal antibodies from cell culture supernatants during bioprocessing. Continuous improvements to Protein A resins have further enhanced their affinity, selectivity and loading capacity. Mechanis...

  Polyethylene Naphthalate Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) is a versatile synthetic polyester that is used in a variety of applications due to its useful properties. Some key facts about PEN include: - Chemical formula: (C10H8O4)n - Discovered in the early 1960s - Commonly known by the brand name PEN or Pentone - Derived from purified terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol Physical and Chemical Properties of PEN PEN has several desirable physical and chemical properties that make it useful for different applications. Some of its key properties include: - High melting point of around 265°C, giving it excellent heat resistance. - Good chemical resistance to acids, alkalis, oils and organic solvents. PEN is resistant to degradation from Polyethylene Naphthalate light. - Excellent transparency - PEN has high light transmission properties making it optically clear. - Quite strong yet lightweight - PEN has a high tensile strength but low density of around 1.37 g/cm3. - Good b...

  Plasma Fractionation What is Plasma Fractionation? Plasma fraction is the process of separating the different components of blood plasma through various physico-chemical processes like molecular size filtration, precipitation, chromatography and crystallization. Blood plasma, the liquid part of blood, contains thousands of proteins, antibodies, clotting factors and other components which help maintain homeostasis in the body. Plasma Fraction enables isolation of specific plasma proteins on a large scale which are then used to manufacture life-saving plasma derived medicines, diagnostics and medical therapies. Methods used in Plasma Fractionation Several specialized techniques are employed for separating the individual components from pooled donor plasma with high precision and purity. These include: - Cryoprecipitation: Based on temperature-dependent solubility, this involves cooling plasma gradually until certain proteins like Plasma Fractionation precipitate out. The su...

    Nickel Powder   Production and Composition of Nickel Powder Nickel particles is manufactured through an electrolysis process where nickel ions are deposited onto a cathode in an aqueous solution. This process produces nickel in its purest form at over 99% purity. Nickel particles consists of extremely fine nickel particles that measure between 1 to 100 micrometers in diameter. On a molecular level, Nickel particles is composed almost entirely of nickel atoms in its elemental form. Trace amounts of other elements such as iron, copper or carbon may also be present in Nickel particles depending on the manufacturing process and purity level. Physical and Nickel Powder Given its extremely small and uniform particle size, Nickel Powder particles has a high surface area which influences several of its key properties. It is a hard, silvery-gray colored metal that is resistant to corrosion from air, water and many chemicals. However, it can oxidize when exposed to high te...

  Micro-Channel Plate What are Micro-Channel Plates? Micro-channel plates (MCPs) are compact electron multipliers used to amplify very weak signals in applications like astronomy, spectroscopy, medical imaging and particle detection. They consist of a lead-silicate glass plate with a multitude of tiny tubes or channels, each just 10-25 micrometers in diameter, etched or molded into the substrate. When a single electron enters one end of a channel, it sets off a cascade of electrons through collisions with the channel wall, greatly amplifying the initial signal. The resulting pulse of electrons exiting the other end allows for detection of the faintest incoming particles or lights. How do they Work? Each channel in the Micro-Channel Plate acts as its own tiny electron multiplier or secondary electron emitter. A single electron entering one end strikes the channel wall and releases 2-3 secondary electrons through the process of thermionic emission. These secondary electrons th...